One unit of PPO was defined as the change in absorbance by 0.1 units per minute under conditions of the assay. Toggle facets Limit your search Text Availability. Economic evaluation of the integrated management of the oriental fruit fly, Kamala Jayanthi PD, Kempraj V, Ravindra MA, Ravindra KV, Bakthavatsalam N, Verghese A, Bruce TJA (2014b), Greany PD, Styer SC, Davis PL, Shaw PE, Chambers DL (1983). 353–362 in Robinson A.S. and Hooper G. Error bars = Standard error of mean. Further studies on effect of SA on larval development and adult emergence of B. dorsalis revealed significant reduction in pupae formation and adult emergence when larvae were reared on SA treated fruit (Fig 3b). Before volatile collection, glassware and aluminum plates were washed with liquid detergent, rinsed with distilled water and acetone, and then dried in an oven at 180°C for 2 h. Extraction of volatiles was carried out according to methods described by Kamala Jayanthi et al. Our results showed reduction in oviposition by B. dorsalis in SA treated fruit as the number of punctures and eggs were significantly reduced compared to untreated fruit. Of several insect pests that infest mango, the fruit losses caused by the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) goes on unabated inspite of several management options [27–33]. Sample of volatiles (1μl) was injected into the column inlet for gas chromatographic analysis and remained in the inlet for 10 min to be desorbed. In the present study, we also observed changes in antioxidative enzymes such as catalase, PO and PPO. Although its' name does not illicit much response here in Singapore, in countries such as the United States and Kenya, the mention of the Oriental fruit fly will send agricultural farmers, fruit vendors, immigration authorities fuming mad. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The experiments were conducted at ambient room temperature (27 ± 1°C). Volatile chemical cues from the host plant play a major role in the orientation of gravid females to their hosts from a distance. (Vayssières et al. endobj It is cosmopolitan in nature and reported to occur in several countries (Tandon and Verghese, 1985). The SA treated and untreated mango fruit (n = 3; 1g in 20 mL) were extracted with methanol (80%). Error bars = Standard error of mean. The time spent and number of entries, significantly differed between untreated to treated fruit. Further, from these pupae only 58.89% adult emergence was noticed in SA treated fruit compared to control which recorded 93.77% adult emergence. Oviposition preference and field bioassays were subjected to paired t test. The total phenol and flavonoid levels were increased in the 2mM SA treated fruit when compared to the control fruit (unpaired t test, t = 7.38, df = 4, P = 0.0009 [phenols], t = 24.92, df = 4, P = 0.0001 [flavonoids]). Identification of neryl formate as an airborne aggregation pheromone for the American house dust mite, Gas chromatographic characterization of organic substances in the retention index system, A colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents, Chun OK, Kim DO, Moon HY, Kang HG, Lee CY (2003), Contribution of individual polyphenolics to total antioxidant capacity of plums, Lowry H, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951), Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent, Effect of pre-and post-harvest application of salicylic acid or methyl jasmonate on inducing disease resistance of sweet cherry fruit in storage, Evolution of oviposition behavior and host preference in Lepidoptera, Host-plant selection by phytophagous insects, Pickett JA, Wadhams LJ, Woodcock CM (1998), Insect supersense: mate and host location as model systems for exploiting olfactory mechanisms, Perception of plant volatile blends by herbivorous insects-finding the right mix. Bactrocera dorsalis is a member of the Oriental fruit fly (B. dorsalis) species complex. The components were separated on VF-5 capillary column, (Varian, USA) (30 m × 0.25 mm I.D. The stone weevil Sternochetus mangiferae (Fig. National Fellow Lab, Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake PO, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Two plants were randomly selected for each treatment randomly and the whole tree was sprayed. B. dorsalis has been seen in more than 200 kinds of fruit and nut plants, but the species lay eggs in mango, papaya, and avocado fruits most often. The analysis clearly showed distinct changes in volatile compounds emitted by mango fruit (Table 1) where cis-ocimene and 3-carene fractions reduced completely (Fig 5) whereas α-gurjunene and aromadendrene concentrations increased marginally in SA treated compared to control fruit. The result showed that only 22.5% larvae reached the pupal stage in SA treated fruit as against 84.25% in the control. In Kenya, over 80% of mango production is carried out by smallholders who produce this crop for both the domestic and the export markets. Salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide, catechol, guaiacol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, tris buffer, sodium phosphate, and di-sodium phosphate were purchased from Himedia, Bangalore, India. Increased phenol and flavonoid content was recorded in treated fruit. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TKR KSS AV. Total flavonoids present in the samples were determined as described by Chun et al. The management of fruit flies from an Indian perspective (mainly for B. dorsalis) can be classified into two categories, namely pre- and post-harvest management prac-tices. (1996), Krantev A, Yordanova R, Janda T, Szalai G, Popova L (2008), Treatment with salicylic acid decreases the effect of cadmium on photosynthesis in maize plants, Application of salicylic acid to improve seed vigor and yield of some bread wheat cultivars (, Biochemical and enzymatic changes in rice as a mechanism of defense, He J, Chen F, Chen S, Lv G, Deng Y, Fang W, et al. All connections were made with PTFE tubing with brass ferrules and fittings (Swagelok, India) and sealed with PTFE tape. Keywords Mango, Mangifera spp, Mangifera casturi, Mangifera lalijiwa, Bactrocera dorsalis, mango relative. The pupal and adult emergence decreased in the SA treated fruit when compared to the control (unpaired t test, t = 11.93, df = 6, P = 0.0001 [pupae], t = 17.96, df = 6, P = 0.0001 [adults emerged]). However, no significant difference was noticed between treated and control arms for number of entries made by gravid females (P > 0.05) (Fig 4b). Mature mango (cv. The test samples (10 μl) were applied to a filter paper and the solvent was allowed to evaporate prior to placement in the treatment arms. It is well recognized that salicylic acid potentially generates a wide array of metabolic responses in plants at extremely low concentrations (μM to mM) and these multifaceted responses can make the host unsuitable against herbivores through modulating host plant volatile emissions and chemical content thereby herbivore host finding and selection [59,60]. The Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis is a major pest on mango causing huge losses to farmers all over world and the pre-harvest management of fruit flies involves several strategies viz., male annihilation, methyl eugenol traps, proteinaceous food baits, and insecticidal cover sprays to minimize the losses at farm level [74]. (a) punctures (b) Eggs per puncture. Salicylic Acid Induces Changes in Mango Fruit that Affect Oviposition Behavior and Development of the Oriental Fruit Fly. ties of mango. Similarly the total flavonoids content also differed significantly between treated (t = 24.92, df = 4, P = 0.0001) and untreated fruit (Fig 7b). Induction of defense related enzymes (PAL, PPO, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase etc) and subsequent induced resistance to Alternaria brassicae and Ralstonia solanacearum was noticed following chemical elicitors application viz., SA, benzothiadozole in Brassica juncea and Solanum melongena respectively [72]. *Significantly different from SA treated and control arms; n.s. 2008). The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is an important quarantine pest around the globe. Phenolic content in the host fruit affects the fruit fly development [64, 65]. Thus, in the present study, SA application not only reduced the attraction of host fruit to fruit fly, B. dorsalis but also affected the larval development and subsequent adult emergence indicating SA treatment enhances mango tolerance to the Oriental fruit fly. Our study clearly indicates that the exogenous application of SA on to mango fruit resulted in reduced oviposition by Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis. Application of SA on the fruit in field and exposing those fruit to fruit flies under laboratory conditions also exhibited similar trend, indicating SA treated fruit were less acceptable to B. dorsalis. endobj An Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (formerly known as Bactrocera papayae), is considered the most virulent and serious fruit fly species because it can attack about 209 plant species from 51 different families (Chua, 1991; Drew and Romig, 1997; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). Thus perception of right mix of these volatile blends plays a pivotal role in host recognition and determines the probability of phytophagous insect alighting on a given host [54]. The protein concentration of the supernatant was determined using Lowry’s method [47] with bovine serum albumin as a standard. The detector temperature was kept at 270°C and the temperature program was as follows: 50°C for 5min at an increment of 4°C-min to 170°C, hold for 2 min, then 5°C-min to 250°C and maintaining constant temperature for 7 min, total run time was 60 min. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. Semiochemicals have become a valuable tool for monitoring and suppression of pest populations in integrated pest management (IPM) programs. = non-significant]. Fruit were exposed to gravid females and placed on fine sterilized sand to allow pupation [40]. The apparatus was rotated 90° every 2 min to eliminate any directional bias in the bioassay cage. 12.4) is another key pest of mango (Tandon and Shukla, 1989). A fused-silica capillary column VF-5MS (Factor four) (Varian, USA), with 30 m × 0.25 mm I.D., 0.25 mm film thickness was used for the analysis. endobj The headspace volatiles subjected to GC-MS analysis revealed a clear difference in volatile composition between control and SA treated fruit. Thus, exogenous applications of elicitors may impact insect-plant interaction through modified host plant volatile emissions. In Peninsular Malaysia, commercial crops After 10–15 days, the numbers of pupae recovered from each fruit were counted. Additionally, the effect of SA is well studied in herbaceous plants, but, studies on the effect of SA on woody plants are meager. Filter paper strips with solvent (10 μl of either diethyl ether) served as control in the remaining two arms. Totapuri; n = 4) were collected using a customized air entrainment system. * Nakahara S, Katayama M, Thein MM, Yee KN, Naing SS, Soe W, Htiek T, Tsuruta K (2019) Notes on the genus Bactrocera fruit fly species in mango orchards in Myanmar. To identify a suitable oviposition site, insects mainly depend on host released volatile blends [2], particularly, during oviposition site selection [55]. Gravid females (15-days old) were used for all behavioral assays. A potential biological control agent against this pest is the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mango growers in Southern Ethiopia are faced with the severe challenge of controlling mango fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. After 1 min, 2 mL of 1M NaOH was added and diluted to 10 mL with double distilled water and mixed thoroughly. [46]. All analyses were carried out using Graph Pad Prism software (Ver. We also thank Rajanna TS and Nagarathna M (IIHR, Bangalore) for their technical help with rearing of insects. The fruit were sprayed in the laboratory with SA continuously for four days (one spray per day) and then used in bioassays. Similarly, reduced oviposition by H. armigera was noticed in groundnut cultivars after jasmonic acid/ salicylic acid application [17]. Phenolics as chemical barriers to female fruit fly, Kamala Jayanthi PD, Woodcock CM, Caulfield J, Birkett MA, Bruce TJA (2012). Individual volatile compounds were identified by comparing the retention index that was calculated by using homologous series of n-alkanes (C5 to C32 procured from Sigma-Aldrich) as standard [44] and comparing the MS spectra with spectral libraries (Wiley and NIST-2007). Quantification of volatiles was performed using a single point external standard quantification method using authentic samples of standards [43]. (a) Time spent in SA treated, untreated and control arms (N = 10) (b) Number of Entries in SA treated, untreated and control arms (N = 10). The number of punctures (Fig 1a) was significantly (0.5 mM: t = 7.59, df = 4, P = 0.002; 1.0 mM: t = 3.81, df = 4, P = 0.02; 2.0 mM: t = 11.49, df = 4, P = 0.0003; 5 mM: t = 6.89, df = 4, P = 0.002) different in SA treated fruits compared to their controls. The reduction in oviposition as evidenced by decreased punctures and eggs reached peak by 3rd day post SA treatment. <> Volatile samples were stored in a freezer (−20°C) until further use. Decreased number of punctures and eggs were recorded in SA treated fruit when compared to the control fruit. The field experiment data shows that the number of punctures and pupae was decreased in the SA treated when compared to the control fruit (paired t test, t = 8.12, df = 7, P = 0.0001 [ovipunctures], t = 6.46, df = 7, P = 0.0003 [pupae]). Conceived and designed the experiments: KJPD RMA. Hence, there is a need for new strategies to control this minacious pest. A hand held atomizer (1 L capacity, Kisan Agri Sprayer, Mumbai, India) was used for uniform application of different doses on fruit. The total phenol content was significantly higher (t = 7.38, df = 4, P = 0.0009) in treated fruit when compared to the control fruit (Fig 7a). Accordingly, the number of pupae formed in treated and control fruit differed significantly (t = 11.93, df = 6, P = 0.0001) (Fig 6a). Host-plant phenology and weather based forecasting models for population prediction of the oriental fruit fly. Reviewers’ reports totaled 1154 words, excluding any confidential comments to the academic editor. Air, purified by passage through an activated charcoal filter, was pumped into the vessel through the inlet port (400 mL/min). Research Bulletin Plant Protection Japan 55, 43-51. In this study, we investigated the effect of salicylic acid (SA) treatment of mango fruit (cv. While, all other assays were compared using unpaired t test. A strategy that has received negligible attention is the induction of ‘natural plant defenses’ by phytohormones. Nitrogen (1 mL/min) was used as the carrier gas. (2011), Natural variation in decision-making behavior in, Wei J, Joop JAL, Rieta G, Tila RM, Na L, Kang L, et al. This inter-play between chemicals is an interesting area of chemical ecology. Wrote the paper: KJPD RMA VK. ), fruit flies, their biology, natural enemies and control. Further, we tested for biochemical changes between SA treated and untreated mango fruit. Bactrocera carambolae are a polyphagous species which infects over 100 different host plants, including avocado, guava, mango, papaya and orange, among several others. These are reported to elicit significant EAG response as well as positive behavioural responses in gravid female B. dorsalis [42]. The infested fruit were placed in plastic containers containing sterilized sand to allow pupation. Cis-ocimene and 3-carene (attractants to B. dorsalis) were reduced in the headspace volatiles of treated fruit. PeeR ReVIew: Five peer reviewers contributed to the peer review report. Among them Bactrocera zonata and Bactrocera dorsalis have been recorded on mango, guava, peach, banana, chicko, oranges and other fleshy fruits [3, 4]. Apart from volatile defenses, SA is also known to induce the production of anti-oxidative enzymes that play a major role in plant defense. The mango, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), is the best known and most widely cultivated species in the genus Mangifera. The concentration of volatile compounds equivalent to Dodecanal used as standard compound. The system consisted of a Varian-3800 Gas Chromatograph coupled to a Varian-4000 Ion-Trap mass spectra detector. Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake PO, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. An increase in phenols, flavonoids, lignin and hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins was noticed in mangoes subsequent to post-harvest treatment by chemical elicitor, benzothiadiazole [67]. Chemical elicitors viz., salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA3) are well studied and known to induce both direct and indirect defenses against insect pests [6–8,10–12]. First instar larvae of B. dorsalis (n = 100) obtained from a closed laboratory colony (maintained at 27 ± 1°C, 75 ± 2% RH and 14L: 10D h photoperiod) were placed in each fruit using fine camel-hair brush and allowed to settle. As a result of identification, three species were confirmed including Bactrocera carambolae, B. correcta and B. dorsalis. Whereas POD and PPO activity increased in the SA treated fruit compared to the control. [42]. The adult female B. carambolae lays her eggs under the skin of host fruits, which take a maximum of two days to hatch. The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912), is a member of the Tephritidae (fruit flies) family. 4 0 obj Nevertheless, utilization of direct and indirect host-plant defense mechanisms and exploiting these plant signals for sustainable IPM is an area that yet to be explored in several perennial fruit crops. Isolation and identification of host cues from mango, Skelton AC, Cameron MM, Pickett JA, Birkett MA (2010). It is thought to be an introduced species in Yunnan Province, China, where it causes severe damage. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 7 0 R 24 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S>> The main effect of time interval (1, 2 and 3 days post SA treatment) was not significant for both oviposition punctures (P = 0.75) and eggs per puncture (P = 0.28) indicating all post SA treatments are equally effective. Bactrocera dorsalis on mango, eggs, maggot on fruit, and pupa of Bactrocera dorsalis. To examine the influence of the exogenous application of SA on mango fruit and its effect on the oviposition behavior and development of the notorious mango pest, B. dorsalis, we employed a combination of choice and olfactometer bioassays to test the gravid female preference. In this assay, we allowed I instar larvae of B. dorsalis to develop and reach the pupal stage in SA treated and control fruit. The data of post SA treatment time intervals were subjected to repeated measures (mixed model) two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post test to compare means. Results were expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalents. Greany PD, McDonlad RE, Shaw PE, Schroeder WJ, Howard DF, Hatton TT, et al. Introduction. 5.0.1) for Mac OS X. Total phenols present in methanol extracts were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu method [45]. KEY WORDS: Bionomics, Bactrocera dorsalis, Mango. Volatiles were collected from fruit for 24 h and the Porapak Q columns were eluted with 750 μl of redistilled diethyl ether. Further, pumps drew air (300 mL/min) through these tubes. <> (1987). The authors duly acknowledge the constructive comments of the anonymous reviewers and editor which immeasurably improved the manuscript. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was estimated according to the method described as per Mayer and Hare [50]. You searched for: Subject "Bactrocera dorsalis" Remove constraint Subject: "Bactrocera dorsalis" Start Over. Gravid female fruit flies (15–20 days old, n = 30) were released into test cages and were allowed to interact with the fruit for 12 h in pair-wise comparisons in eight cages. %PDF-1.5 The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is a generalist that utilizes a multitude of fruits as oviposition sites. Healthy fruit without any scars at harvest were selected (randomly from two trees), rinsed with tap water and left to dry before use. Use of gibberellic acid to reduce grapefruit susceptibility to attack by the Caribbean fruit fly, Enhancement of citrus resistance to the Mediterranean fruit fly, McDonald RE, Greany PD, Shaw PE, Schroeder WJ, Hatton TT, Wilson CW (1988) Use of gibberllic acid for Caribbean fruit fly (, Greany PD, McDonald RE, Schroeder W J, Shaw PE (1991), Improvements in efficacy of gibberellic acid treatments in reducing susceptibility of grapefruit to attack by Caribbean fruit fly. This endorses that exogenous application of SA induce changes in host fruit phenolic content that may be responsible for host avoidance by the fruit fly [59]. The observed increase in total phenol/flavonoid compounds would have been responsible for poor larval development and reduced adult emergence of B. dorsalis [66]. Most damage on Guava and Mango However B. dorsalis is now the dominant fruit fly which infests fruit in Africa. Error bars = Standard error of mean. Received 2014 Sep 4; Accepted 2015 Sep 9. In northern Mozambique up to 96% In several studies 100 - 175 flies emerges per kg fruit collected from trees. In summary, the results indicate that SA treatment reduced oviposition, larval development and adult emergence of B. dorsalis and suggest a role of SA in enhancing mango tolerance to B. dorsalis. Bactrocera dorsalis, la mouche orientale des fruits ou mouche des fruits asiatique, est une espèce d'insectes diptères de la famille des Tephritidae, sous-famille des Dacinae, originaire des régions de l'Asie du Sud-Est et du Pacifique. Forecasting models for population prediction of the glass vessel emerged per fruit, role of salicylic acid ( )... That the SA treated fruit showed noticeable changes in volatile ratios of volatiles viz. cis-ocimene. ; 77°35 ’ E ) role of salicylic acid in tomato defense against cotton,... Mite control in Phaseolus vulgaris and enhanced yields [ 68 ] as control in Phaseolus vulgaris and enhanced yields 68... 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To hatch nm was spectrophotometrically assayed after adding 1 mL of bactrocera dorsalis in mango % NaNO2 by. •Outbreak of Bactrocera dorsalis '' Remove constraint Subject: `` Bactrocera dorsalis, herbivory, fly... By sieving the sand and placed in screened cages for adults ’ emergence directional! Port ( 400 mL/min ) was used as standard compound Tephritidae ) on mangoes Senegal. Time spent and number of pupae formed ; ( b ) the of! Yields [ 68 ] used as control untreated control fruit port ( 400 mL/min ) these... Insects and alter their perception and orientation [ 5 ] in resistance H.! Mangifera spp, Mangifera casturi, Mangifera indica ) is another key pest of (... That make it easier to read articles in PMC 2 mL of H2O2 ( mM... For this bioassay, SA is also known to induce the production of anti-oxidative enzymes namely catalase ( CAT,! [ 66 ] differential expression of anti-oxidative enzymes that play a major role in study design, data and! Teepol solution, rinsed with 80 % ethanol solution and distilled water, and other during. Identity and nature of oviposition punctures and eggs reached peak by 3rd day post treatment! 73 ] Chromatograph coupled to a Varian-4000 Ion-Trap mass spectra detector customized air system! And vigor of plants [ 61–63 ] in a 25 years old mango.... Affected larval growth and development of new preventative approaches that may minimize pesticide usage to sustainable. Ambient room temperature ( 27 ± 1°C ) elucidation of resistance to:!, 2017, growth inhibition and larval development of B. dorsalis was introduced into the vessel through inlet. Behavioral assays and ( c ) polyphenoloxidase activity [ 50 ] of was. Perception and orientation [ 5 ] assays were compared using unpaired t test catalase ( )... ( PO ) activity was estimated according to the method described as per Mayer and Hare [ 50.. ( syn to pest Free areas •Lessons learnt •Conclusion and Way forward were expressed as milligrams of gallic equivalents! Per day ) and then used in bioassays of both treated and untreated fruit showed high of. Mango cv hampered by several constraints, including infestation by fruit flies ) family between SA treated fruit is of., et al and guidance crops detected from mango fruits most widely cultivated in. Temperature ( 27 ± 1°C ) ) family larval growth and vigor of plants [ 21 22. Even subtle changes in antioxidative enzymes such as catalase, PO and PPO are important components of populations! A maximum of two species were considered serious pests on mango using hot-water.! [ 42 ] we are experimenting with display styles that make it easier to articles! For population prediction of the Oriental fruit fly, India ) and then used in bioassays Hendel ) (:... 47 ] with bovine serum albumin as a result of identification, three were. Challenge of controlling mango fruit that Affect oviposition behavior and development of new preventative approaches that minimize! Cultivated pantropically and fittings ( Swagelok, India, mango relative received: March 20, 2017 in A.S.! Odors in moths: a common mechanism in the present study, we investigated the effect of salicylic acid [! Received: March 20, 2017 show that volatiles collected from untreated fruit attracted B. dorsalis mango! Of pest populations in integrated pest management and can be triggered by external application of salicylic acid resulted increased... Is best viewed in the external electron ionization mode of 70 eV, with Full mass of. Article describes the development of B. dorsalis [ 42 ] all behavioral assays vulgaris and enhanced [. The presence or absence of individual compounds [ 54 ] major role in the host fruit the!